Covariant operator bases for continuous variables

Quantum 8, 1363 (2024).

https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-05-29-1363

Coherent-state representations are a standard tool to deal with continuous-variable systems, as they allow one to efficiently visualize quantum states in phase space. Here, we work out an alternative basis consisting of monomials on the basic observables, with the crucial property of behaving well under symplectic transformations. This basis is the analogue of the irreducible tensors widely used in the context of SU(2) symmetry. Given the density matrix of a state, the expansion coefficients in that basis constitute the multipoles, which describe the state in a canonically covariant form that is both concise and explicit. We use these quantities to assess properties such as quantumness or Gaussianity and to furnish direct connections between tomographic measurements and quasiprobability distribution reconstructions.